Battery Info
What’s VRLA battery
A battery is an electricity storage device which can be found in any number of shapes, size, voltage and capacities.
When two conducting materials (often dissimilar metals) are
immersed in a solution, an electrical potential will exist between them
is connected together through a closed circuit, a current will flow. The
value of this potential (or voltage) is dependent on the materials
used, giving rise to a whole family of battery types each having
benefits and restrictions in use. Examples are: – lead acid, nickel
cadmium ( NiCad ), lithium, silver alkaline.
This manual is concerned only with one battery technology, the
most successful «Lead Acid battery» (lead and lead oxide immersed in
sulphuric acid). Each cell has a 2 volt potential.
The Lead-acid Battery
A battery is simply a number of cells connected together with a
given voltage and capacity. The more cells the higher the voltage, the
large the plates the higher the capacity (in general).
Purely for convenience, batteries are made in 12 volt blocks with
6 cells but are also available in 6 volt, 4 volt and even 2 volt,
single cell blocks.
Batteries can be connected in series to achieve whatever voltage
is required (add the number of 2 volt cells) and in parallel to achieve
the capacity required (add the capacities of each parallel battery or
string of batteries) . For larger systems, a number of series connected
strings maybe connected in parallel with each other. This achieves both a
higher voltage and capacity.
Two Concepts
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Three basic applications
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Sealed or Regulated Lead Acid VRAL
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Open-Vented
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Sealed or Regulated Lead Acid VRAL
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Automotive (starter i.e. Cars, commercial vehicles)
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Open-Vented
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The Lead-acid Battery
There are two concepts in lead-acid batteries and three basic applications.
Two Concepts
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Three basic applications
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Sealed or Regulated Lead Acid VRAL
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Open-Vented
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Sealed or Regulated Lead Acid VRAL
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Automotive (starter i.e. Cars, commercial vehicles)
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Open-Vented
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VRLA has in many instances replaced the open-vented type.
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CAUTION: ALWAYS USE A BATTERY BEST DESIGNED FOR THE APPLICATION.
This guide is focused on Industrial Standby applications and NOT Automotive or Traction use.
Industrial Batteries
Industrial batteries are available from two distinct groups with
the following features. Note: VRLA have superseded open-vented in many
applications
OPEN-VENTED
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VRLA/SEALED
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Older technology
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Require separated battery room
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Regular routine maintenance
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Separate safety requirements
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Store/use in vertical position
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Can require extensive cabling
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Environmentally friendly
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Use directly in office environment
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Low maintenance-”maintenance free”
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Self-contained. Safe
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Store/use in any orientation
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Can be used internal or adjacent to load
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VRLA has in many instances replaced the open-vented type.
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Note: The term sealed lead-acid SLA is an old acronym Considered misleading and is now replaced by Valve Regulated Lead Acid VRLA.
Typical VRLA battery applications
Typical Applications
It is vitally important to define your priority before size of battery. These include:
High rate performance/Long life-unattended/High cycle life/Cost effectiveness
SUNEOM GB/HR/DC/EVX/DB/CB/GEL/OPZV/OPZS/FA/SOLAR SERIES
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Telecom Communication UtilityUPS Marine Cable TelevisionAlarm system Security Equipment
Medical Equipment Electronic Test Equipment
Portable Television & Video Equipment
Power Tools Solar Power Lighting
Toy Vehicles Wheelchair Golf Trolleys
Semi-traction Lawn Mowers Lifting Equipment
Robotics
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To optimize battery duty and life for your application, make sure you choose the right product from the SUNEOM range.
SIZE OF BATTERY
How to choose the right size of battery
As mentioned earlier, batteries come in all shapes and size, from
types no larger than a shirt button, to a battery system filling an
entire room.
To find the size of battery you require you generally need two
pieces of information, battery load and back-up times. (Note: other
factors may also have an effect).
Battery Load
Whether you power lights, motors, electronic equipment or a toy
vehicle you equipment will draw a load in AMPS. If this is unknown then
the equipment will have a rating expressed in Watts which may simply be
converted to Amps by dividing the value by the normal voltage of the
system.
Back-up Time
This is the time you require the battery to support the load
described above and is often called Autonomy or discharge time.
Example: To power a cordless electric tool for a total of 3.0
hours before recharging. With these two pieces of information use our
selection graph to plot an intersection point from which you will
determine a required size or capacity in Amp. hours (Ah).
Our figure has been rationalized into rounded figures of
capacity. If your intersection point falls between two lines choose the
next highest value.
Always choose a suitable sized battery from the ranges appropriate to your application.
You may notice that the chosen capacity in Amp hours is often
higher than the Value of Amps x Hours used, in our example using 10AMPS x
3 HRS = 30Ah and the chosen option being 38 Ah. This is because the
capacity of each NP battery is stated at the 20 hour discharge rate. You
will only get full capacity if discharged over that length of time.
CHARGING
Correct charging of a VRLA battery is essential in optimizing
battery performance and life. Although a constant voltage charge should
be applied, optimum charging also depends on temperature (Nominally 20
degree), charge current (max 1/4 battery capacity) and ripple current
(minimum) . Two basic categories of charging exist.
To find the size of battery you require you generally need two
pieces of information, battery load and back-up times. (Note: other
factors may also have an effect).
Float/Standby
This charging method is used in applications such as emergency
back-up when the battery is required only upon mains failure e.g.,
continuously on charge and consequently the recommended voltages are
slightly lower than cyclic charging so as not to damage the battery.
Cyclic
Cyclic charging is used in applications where the battery is
repeatedly discharged then charged, e.g. Portable equipment, Wheel
Chairs, Golf trolleys etc.
A higher charging voltage is used but should NEVER be left on
indefinitely since is will overcharge and destroy the battery.
Note: For optimum performance always recharge a
battery immediately after discharging. Consult the individual battery
specification for the correct charging voltage or contact SUNEOM
Technical Department
BATTERY STORAGE, CARE & MAINTENANCE
The Storage or shelf life of a VRLA battery is usually between 12 and 18 months at 20 degree starting From a charged condition.
Warning :
Never store in a discharged or partially discharged state.
Always store in a dry, clean, cool environment in a fully packaged condition.
If storage of 12 months or longer is required supplementary charging will be require
Design Life
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Float
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Each battery type will be have a prescribed float design
life. Please be aware of this life expectancy and replace the battery as
End-of-life approaches. Keep a reference or lable the battery to show
its date of installation to facilitate replacement at the correct time.
Factors other than time may affect the life of the battery and this will
be indicated by a reduction in capacity. The battery should be required
duty. This may be well in advance of its design life if, for example,
the ambient temperature is considerably above 20 degree ie 30 degree or
more.
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Cyclic
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Each battery suited to cyclic use will reach End-of-life
after a prescribed number of cycles. This number is dependant upon the
depth of discharge of each cycle. The deeper the discharge, the less
number of cycles to End-of-life. Depth of discharge is expressed as the
percentage of the battery capacity required per duty cycle.
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Battery Care
Each SUNEOM VRLA battery is supplied I a charged condition having
passed stringent quality checks.To ensure optimum battery performance
and life, it helps to take care of your battery by observing the
following:
Sulphation/Undercharge
Warning – Never leave a VRLA Battery in a discharged state.
If a battery has an open-circuit voltage lower than its rated value, then sulphation may well be the cause.
When a battery is left a discharged state or for prolonged periods
of storage, lead sulphate crystals begin to form acting as a barrier to
recharge and will prevent normal battery operation.
Depending on the degree of sulphation, battery may be recovered
from this condition by constant current charging at a higher voltage
with the current limited to one tenth of the battery capacity for a
maximum of 12 hours.
Note: The applied voltage will exceed the normal recommendation
and so the battery must be monitored (not left unattended) and removed
from charge if excess heat is dissipated. The voltage required to
«force» this maximum current into the battery will reduce as the battery
recovers until normal charging can take place.
In extreme circumstances a battery may never fully recover from sulphation and must therefore be replaced.
Overcharge
As mentioned in Section 4 optimum charging relies mainly on
voltage, current and temperature factors which are interrelated and all
of which can cause overcharge.
Excessive charge voltages will force a high overcharge current
into the battery, which will dissipate as heat, and may cause gas
emission through the safety valve. Within a short period of time this
will corrode the positive plate material and accelerate the battery
towards end-of-life.
Under these conditions the heat produced inside the battery can
lead to thermal runaway due to the increased electrochemical reaction
within the battery. The battery may swell before failing and will be
irrecoverable from this state. This situation is potentially dangerous.
Temperature
Warning – Heat Kills Batteries.
The recommended normal operating temperature is 20°C.
HIGH TEMPERATURE will reduce battery service life often quite
dramatically. In extreme cases this can cause Thermal Runaway, resulting
in high oxygen/hydrogen gas production and battery swelling. Batteries
are irrecoverable from this condition and should be replaced.
BATTERY SAFETY
In order to ensure the safe operation of our SUNEOM VRLA
batteries, correct and accurate procedures must be employed. Please read
the below document thoroughly and retain it for reference in case it is
needed in an emergency situation.
All individuals who work with VRLA must be made aware of the
Dangers, Warnings, Attentions and Suggestions, for proper use of our
batteries in order to avoid accidents and injuries.
Dangers
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Do not seal the battery inside of any machinery. Please make
sure that the battery is well ventilated. Placing the battery in an
hermetically sealed space can cause the battery to explode causing
damage to the machinery or extreme personal injury.
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Do not place the battery in a hermetically sealed space that
is closed or close to any source of heat or flame. This could cause the
battery to ignite or even explode. All connection cables should be well
insulated and not able to short electrically. If the cables do cause an
electrical short, that may cause smoke or the battery to cause a large
destructive fire.
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Do not use any metal such as steel wire brush to connect or
clean the terminals. Be careful not to drop any personal jewelry, hair
pins or any other metallic objects when servicing the batteries. Metal
objects can cause an electrical short which can be a source of leaking,
heat or a destructive fire.
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Do not use any metal such as steel wire brush to connect or
clean the terminals. Be careful not to drop any personal jewelry, hair
pins or any other metallic objects when servicing the batteries. Metal
objects can cause an electrical short which can be a source of leaking,
heat or a destructive fire.
Warnings
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Always use the proper charger and the charging regulations set
by SUNEOM. Not following our guidelines and procedures, or using
non-approved charging procedures, can cause the battery to leak acid,
heat up, or cause a destructive fire.
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When our batteries are used for medical applications, please
be aware of the possibility that the battery could fail. Back-up units
should be in place to prevent injuries.
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The container cannot come in contact with metal products.
Please use insulated material that has acid and heat resisting
characteristics to be the battery container. Not using insulated
materials may cause fire or an explosion by leaking.
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Do not install batteries close to any location where a spark
may occur such as a switch or a fuse. Sparks may cause fire or an
explosion.
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Always wear insulated gloves during any battery servicing activities, otherwise you could get an electrical shock.
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Do not install a battery in a high traffic area without
adequately protecting the battery. Not doing so could cause an
electrical shock or fire in case the battery is disturbed or dislodged.
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Do not burn the battery or throw it into a fire. Doing so may cause the battery to explode and toxic gas to be released.
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Do not disassemble, reassemble or destroy the battery. Doing
so could cause the acid inside the battery to leak and cause severe
burns or other accidents.
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Do not use any dry fabric or other materials to clean the
battery that could cause static electricity. Always use a damp cloth
that has had the moisture wrung out of it.
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The battery should be replaced before the expiration date.
Upon installation a log of expiration dates should be kept in a handbook
or on front of the machinery.
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When the battery’s performance has only 50% left at 25°C, the
battery should be replaced. The battery’s life will curtail one half
with a raise of each 10°C in temperature. If the discharging current is
higher than 0.25CA, the battery’s life will be shorted.
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When the battery approaches the end of its life, its
performance will decrease very fast. The internal exhausted electrolyte
and the corrosion of the positive plate may cause a failure. If the
battery continues in operation under these conditions, there could be
extreme heat, leaking of even explosion.
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There is sulfuric acid inside of the battery. Please use water
if skin or clothes become contaminated by the acid. If acid gets into
your eyes, use ample clean fresh water to flush your eyes and seek
immediate medical attention.
Attentions
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The standard operating temperature for our batteries is 5-35°C
(41-95°F). Usage outside this range will cause damage to the battery.
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Our batteries cannot be used beside any heat source such as a transformer.
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Do not let water or sea water wet or soak our batteries.
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Do not leave one of our batteries inside an automobile or any other place with strong sunlight.
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Do not place our batteries in areas where there is a lot of powder residue. The powder could cause a short in the battery.
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When using our batteries in a series, connections should be
made between the batteries before charging or placing the series under a
load. Remember, the positive terminal of the battery must connect to
the positive side of the charger or the load. The negative terminal of
the battery must connect to the negative side of the charge or load.
Otherwise an explosion may occur causing personnel or equipment damage.
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Be careful when handling batteries or taking them out of their
racks or storage units. Please wear protective footwear when handling
our batteries.
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When unpacking SUNEOM VRLA batteries from their shipping
container, be careful when removing them so as not to drop them. If
dropped, their container could crack and cause sulfuric acid to leak
out.
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Placing SUNEOM VRLA batteries upside down could cause sulfuric acid to leak out.
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Do not grab the battery terminal or cable to shift its position. Doing so could cause damage to the battery or electrical shock.
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Be careful not to let a battery fall. A dropped battery could cause a crack in its container and sulfuric acid could leak out.
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Some of the models of our batteries are very heavy, please carry or transport them correctly to prevent an occupational injury.
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Please do not use any type of organic solvent to clean our batteries.
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Always release any static electricity buildup on your body before touching or servicing our batteries to prevent sparks.
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Do not use plastic sheets to cover our batteries. Removing a
plastic sheet could cause a static electricity build up and sparks could
occur.
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Please use the connection screws that SUNEOM provides to avoid possible sparks.
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Please use insulated materials to cover the terminal and connector in order to avoid possible sparks and shorts.
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For electric mobility, bikes or lawn mowers where the
equipment might have vibrations during usage, please be sure that our
batteries are firmly anchored to avoid damage or shorting of the
terminals.
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Please terminate all switches between the battery, load or charger before making any connections.
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Do not use the battery out of its application usage range. Doing so may cause leaking, heat or fire.
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If there is an observed unusual situation of charging voltage or discharge characteristics, please replace the battery.
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Please follow the list below to ensure proper battery safety. A
failure to do so could cause a battery to leak, radiate heat or cause
an explosion.
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Ensure that there is a correct connection between the battery and the charger; do not reverse the terminal connection.
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Do not weld directly on the terminal.
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Do not mix different brands, models, or date codes of batteries.
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Do not dismantle any part of the battery assembly.
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Do not throw the battery or hit it with any type of instrument.
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Do not charge the battery over the recommended charging time, otherwise the battery could leak, radiate heat, or even explode.
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Our batteries should be placed in a safe place out of reach
from children. If our batteries are the power source for a toy that a
child uses, they should be supervised and instructed in the proper
operation, charging and usage of the battery
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SUNEOM VRLA batteries are constructed with a negative plate
absorption system. This means the oxygen from the positive plate will be
absorbed by the negative plate. In the first 12 months of usage, the
float charge voltage may be out of the standard value. This is normal
for this type of battery.
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If there is an unexpected electrolyte (sulfuric acid) spill or
leakage, immediately neutralize the spill with sodium carbonate then
wipe it up. If the spill is not neutralized, there could be corrosion on
the floor or equipment.
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If a battery catches on fire, please use a proper powder
charged fire extinguisher. Do not ever use a water based fire
extinguisher.
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After an earthquake, please check the tightness or each connection to avoid spark.
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After an earthquake, please inspect each battery container to
make sure that there are no cracks or leaks. If you notice an unusual
situation, immediately terminate the operation of the equipment to
ensure the safety of all personnel and equipment.
Suggestions
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Please make sure that the battery is properly stabilized. A strong impact can affect the battery’s performance.
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Battery life should be verified by actual loading conditions as well as by different charging/discharging conditions.
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Battery installation should only be done by trained and qualified personnel.
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For the initial use or if a battery has been stored for a long
period of time, please recharge the battery fully before putting it
into service. A battery’s performance will reduce automatically by self
discharge.
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If a battery is stored for more than 3 months, we suggest a
recharge before the battery is put into service. When storing a VRLA
battery, a recharge should be repeated every 3 months.
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Do not let a VRLA battery discharge to a voltage lower than
its suggested final voltage. Doing so will affect the battery’s
performance.
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Do not over-discharge a VRLA battery. After discharge immediately recharge a battery.
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Use the right charging/discharging settings to ensure the battery’s quality and performance.
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Shut down the main switch of any equipment that the VRLA
battery is connected to after usage otherwise an over discharge state
may occur.
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If the equipment will not be in use for a long period, please remove the battery from the equipment and store in a dry area.
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If the environmental temperature increases by 10°C, the
recharging time must be decreased by one half. If a battery is stored
under 35°C, it should be recharged every 11/2 months instead of every 3
months.
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If a battery is stored for more than a year without any
recharging activity, the battery’s life will be worth less than the
original specifications.
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VRLA battery inventories should be rotated to ensure that
batteries pulled out of storage are fresh and ready to use. After a long
period of storage, without a regular recharging program, a battery’s
performance may not come back to specified capacity.
BATTERY DISPOSAL/RE-CYCLING
Finally, when a battery has reached the end-of-life it must be
returned to the point of sale or to a licensed battery dealer for
recycling. Please observe the following points.
Caution
Do not throw batteries in a bin at end-of-life. VRLA batteries
contain substances harmful to the environment so return to your supplier
or take to your Council tip for disposal.
Never bury in the ground or incinerate at end-of-life. Batteries contain harmful substances making this unsafe.
Always
Either return ‘spent’ battery:
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to your stockist
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to your local council tip
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to a licensed ‘spent’ battery dealer
GLOSSARY
Abbreviations
VRLA -Valve regulated lead acid battery.
SLA -Sealed Lead-acid
CCV -Closed – circuit voltage.
OCV -Open – circuit voltage
WPC -Watts per cell.
Pb -Chemical symbol for lead.
UPS -Uninterruptible power supply
Ah -Amp hour. The unit of battery capacity
DOM -Date of manufacture.
EOD -End of discharge.
VPC -Volts per cell.
Nc -Number of cells.
Vf -Float voltage.
Vs -Starting voltage.
Iav -Average current.
Sg -Specific gravity
cAn -Is the defined capacity of the battery to the Time period.
20hr Rate -The capacity a battery will deliver over 20hrs
Definitions
ABS RESIN
A Plastic material largely used for the case and cover of batteries.
ACTIVE MATERIAL
The substance which electrochemically reacts in the electrode of
batteries. Lead-acid batteries adopt lead dioxide for the positive
electrode and spongy lead for the negative electrode.
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
Average temperature in the vicinity of the battery.
AVAILABLE CAPACITY
The capacity actually available from a cell/battery. The available
capacity is the capacity when it discharges at a specified hour rate,
and expressed in hour rate and Ah.
BOLT FASTENING
A type of battery terminals, to which lead wires are connected with bolts.
BUILT-IN THERMOSTAT
The built-in thermostat is a reset table switch built in a battery
for temporarily cut off the battery circuit when the temperature of the
battery exceeds a preset values or when the battery charge/discharge at
a higher rate than predetermined.
CAPACITY
The electric capability of a battery. It usually means ampere-hour capacity expressed in Ah or C(coulomb).
CELL
The minimum battery unit which composes a storage battery. Nominal voltage of the cell of the lead-acid battery is 2V.
CHARGE
The operation of supplying a battery with a DC current from an
external power source to have the electrode active material conduct
chemical reactions then to store electric energy as chemical energy in
the battery.
CHARGE ACCEPTANCE
Test of batteries to check whether or not they are adequately recharged after discharge.
CHARGING EFFICIENCY
General term for ampere-hour efficiency and watt-hour eficiency.
In many cases, however,it means the ampere-hour efficiency.
CONSTANT CURRENT CHARGE
A method of charging: to charge a battery with a constant current.
C-RATE
A charge or discharge current rate expressed in A or mA.It is
numberically the same as the hour rate capacity of a battery expressed
in Ah of the rated capacity.
CUT-OFF VOLTAGE OF DISCHARGE
The terminal voltage of a battery at which discharging should be
discharging should be discontinued. This voltage depends on discharge
current, type of electrodes and construction of battery.
CYCLE LIFE
The number of charge/discharge/rest cycles a cell/battery can
provide. Cycle life is usually expressed by the number of cycles
available before duation of discharge decreases to a half of the initial
value.
DEPTH OF DISCHARGE
A value to express the state of discharge of a battery. The depth
of discharge is generally expressed by the ratio of discharge amount to
rated capacity of the battery.
DISCHARGE
To draw off the electric energy stored in a cell/battery.
DISCHARGE RATE
The term to express the magnitude of discharge current. When
assuming discharge current and time to discharge cut-off voltage t
hours, this discgarge is called t-hour rate(tHR) discharge, and the
current is called t-hour rate diacharge current. When time t is minutes
instead of hours, tMR is used.
DUTY CYCLE
Test of batteries in ordinary use including charge, discharge and rest.
ELECTROLYTE
The medium which serves to conduct ions in the electrochemical
reactions in batteries. The lead-acid battery adopts diluted sulfuric as
the electrolyte.
ENERGY DENSITY
Energy available per unit Approx. mass or unit volume of a cell/battery. Energy desity is expressed in Wh/kg or Wh/l.
FLOAT CHARGE
The system in which a constant voltage is continuously applied to a
battery connected to a rectifier in parallel with a load to maintain
the battery in charged state: on occurrence of power failure or load
variation, the battery supplies power to the load without any short
break.
GAS RECOMBINATION ABILITY
Capability of a battery to recombine (or absorb) internally
generated oxygen gas at the negative plate. The greater this capability
is, the larger the available charge current.
HIGH RATE DISCHARGE
A very rapid discharge of a battery. (in many cases it means discharging at approx.1 CA or higher rate.)
INTERNAL PRESSURE
The pressure within a sealed battery. Internal pressure of a
battery is increased by oxygen gas which is generated from the positive
plate at the end of charging.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
The resistance within a battery; it is the total of individual
resistances of the electrolyte and the positive and negative plate.
Internal resistance is simply measured with the current four-terminal
method(1,000Hz) and expressed in the composite value of resistance
component and capacitor component.
INTERNAL SHORT-CIRCUIT
Touching of the positive and negative plates within a call.
LIFE
The time period until a cell/battery loses its expected characteristics.
LOW MAINTENANCE
Low maintenance means that no watering norequalizing charge is requireed in operating batteries.
LOW-VOLTAGE CUT-OFF
A circuitry designed to discontinue discharge of a battery at a predetermined voltage level.
MALE TAB
The matallic pieces which are attached to a SLA battery as the terminals.
MEMORY EFFECT
A phenomenon where a temporary drop of discharge voltage is
observed during deep discharge of an alkaline rechargeable battery which
has been subjected to shallow charge/discharge. Cycles or trickle
charging over long time.
NEVIGATIVE PLATE
The battery electrode into which a current from the external
circuit flows during discharging. The negative plate has lower electric
potential than the positive plate to the electrolyte. The negative plate
is incorporated with connection parts such as the electrode pole.
RATED CAPACITY
A nominal value of capacity of a cell/battery, which is a measure
of electric capability. Rated capacity is rather approximate compared
with rated capacity.
NOMINAL VOLTAGE
A nominal value to indicate the voltage of a cell battery.
Generally, nominal voltage value of a battery is somewhat lower than its
electromotive force. Nominal voltage of the lead-acid battery is 2.0 V
per unit cell.
OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE
Measured voltage of a cell/battery which is electrically disconnected from the external circuit.
OVERCHARGE
Continuted charging of a fully charged cell/battery. With
batteries which require watering, overcharge causes electrolysis of
water, resulting in rapid decrease of electrolyte. Generally, overcharge
adversely influences battery life.
OVERDISCHARGE
Discharge of a battery to a voltage below a predetermined cut-off voltage.
PARALLEL CHARGE
Simultanous charging of two or more batteries connected in
parallel. In cyclic use of batteries, specifically, the parallel charge
tends to cause an imbalance in charge state among the batteries, which
may shorten their service life.
POLYPROPYLENE RESIN
A plastic material which is often used for the case and cover of batteries.
POSITIVE PLATE
The battery electrode from which a current flows to the external
circuit during discharging. The positive plate has higher electric
potential than the negative plate to the electrolyte. The positive plate
is incorporated with connection parts such as the electrode pole.
QUICK CHARGE(RAPID CHARGE)
Charging in a short time with a large current.
RATED CAPACITY
The stated capacity of a battery; namely, the ampere-hour amount
can be drawn from the battery in fully charged state at a specified
temperature, at a specified discharge rate, and to a specified cut-off
voltage. The symbole CN may be used to express the rated capacity of
N-hour rate.
RECHARGEABLE BATTERY
The rechargeable battery is a system comprising two different
electrodes and ion-conductive medium, which is capable of converting
chemical energy to electric energy, and vice versa. It is also called a
secondary battery.
REFRESH CHARGE(AUXILIARY CHARGE)
Charging ogf a battery mainly to compensate for its self discharge.
RESIDUAL CAPACITY
Residual capacity of a battery after partial discharge or after storage for long time.
RETAINER TYPE
A method to control flowing electrolyte in a battery with the retainer mat,etc..
REVERSE CHARGE
Charging of a battery with its polarity reversed. Namely, the battery discharges.
SELF DISCHARGE
Reduction in capacity of a battery while no current is draw by the
external circuit. Self discharge depends on temperature: amount of
discharge approximately doubles by each (10°C) rise of ambine
temperature.
SEALED LEAD-ACID BATTER(SLA BATTERY)
Valve-regulated lead-acid battery.
SEPARATOR
A porous or microporous liquid-absorbent material which is
installed between the battery electrodes for preventing short-circuit,
securing the separation of the electrodes and retaining electrolyte. The
separator should be resistant to oxidation and chicals; it should excel
in electric insulation and liquid-retention;and it should not disturb
diffusion of the electrolyte and ionic conduction.
STANDBY USE
General term of constant stand-by battery systems. Batteries are
kept charged by trickle/float method at all times in preparation for
unforeseen power disruptions.
TERMINAL VOLTAGE AT DISCHARGE
The voltage of a battery during discharge.
THERMAL RUNAWAY
Such phenomena as an excessively high set-up voltage in
constant-voltage charging of a battery and a very high battery
temperature cause charge current to increase,which than raises the
termperature further:this vicious cycle is called thermal runaway,which
may,in the worst case,result in breakage of the battery due to heat.
TRICKLE CHARGE
To charge a battery in the state of disconnection from the load to compensate for its self discharge.
TRICKLE LIFE
The service life of a battery in the trickle use. Usually,the
trickle life is the time expressed in years before the dischargeable
time of the battery decreases to a half of the initial value.
UL
Abbreviation of Underwriters Laboratories Inc. in USA. The UL
establishes various safety standards, and performs official recognition
of material,parts and products.
UPS(Uninterruptible Power Supply)
Equipment or system which is automatically connected to the load to supply power if the main power fails.
VALVE(ONE WAY VALVE)
a valve on each battery which automatically releases gas from the
battery when internal pressure of the battery exceeds a predermined
value:it prevents breakage of the battery due to excessive internal
pressure caused by the gas generated by charging or other reasons. The
valve also serves to prevent outside air from entering batteries.
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